Press machines are diverse industrial tools classified by several factors, including their power source, drive mechanism, frame construction, and functional specialization.
1. Classification by Power Source
- Mechanical Presses: These machines accumulate kinetic energy in a continuously rotating flywheel driven by a motor. The energy is released to the ram through a clutch and brake system.
- Hydraulic Presses: These use fluid pressure (oil or water) and cylinders to move the ram. They provide full tonnage throughout the entire stroke and are often used for deep drawing or processing thick materials.
- Servo Presses: Driven by servo motors, these allow for precise, programmable control over the ram’s speed and position at any point in the cycle. They are effective for reducing impact noise and improving part quality through optimized “soft” motions.
2. Classification by Frame Construction
- Gap-Frame (C-Frame) Presses: These are shaped like the letter “C,” offering open access from the front and sides. Common subtypes include Inclinable (O.B.I.) presses, which can be tilted to allow parts to fall out by gravity, and Horning presses, which feature a cantilevered support “horn” for tubular work.
- Straight-Side Presses: These have a rigid, closed-box frame with four vertical columns, designed to handle high-tonnage loads with minimal deflection.
- Arch Presses: A smaller type of straight-side press with a distinct arched frame, used for lighter sheet metal work.
- Pillar Presses: Similar to arch presses but featuring straight columns for alignment.
3. Classification by Drive Mechanism
Mechanical presses are often subdivided by how the rotary motion of the motor is converted into the linear motion of the ram:
- Crank and Crankless Presses: The most common types, using a crankshaft or eccentric to drive the ram.
- Knuckle-Joint Presses: Use a toggle-joint linkage to deliver very high force near the bottom of the stroke, ideal for coining, sizing, or precision cold forging.
- Friction and Screw Presses: Utilize friction disks or screws to apply force; screw presses are often used for forging and leveling.
- Link and Cam Presses: Use specialized linkages or cams to customize the ram’s velocity profile.
4. Classification by Number of Actions (Slides)
- Single-Action Presses: Feature one reciprocating ram.
- Double-Action Presses: Have two rams—an outer “blank holder” slide and an inner punch slide—primarily used for deep drawing.
- Triple-Action Presses: Incorporate a third motion, often from below the bed, for complex drawing or forming operations.
5. Functional and Specialized Presses
- High-Speed Presses: Engineered for mass production, capable of reaching hundreds or even thousands of strokes per minute (SPM).
- Transfer Presses: Features a mechanized transfer system to move workpieces between multiple stations within the same machine.
- Progressive Presses: Designed to run progressive dies where material is fed in a strip and multiple operations are completed at every stroke.
- Multi-Slide (Multi-Forming) Machines: Horizontal or vertical machines with multiple slides moving from different directions to form complex wire or strip parts.
- CNC Turret Punch Presses: Computer-controlled machines that use a rotating turret of tools to punch various patterns in sheet metal.
- Manual/Small Presses: Includes Foot presses for light work and Arbor presses (hand or air-operated) for toolroom tasks like assembly or keyway cutting.
發佈留言