Stamping press machines are versatile tools capable of processing a wide range of materials, primarily metal sheets, but also various non-metallic materials., These materials are generally categorized based on their composition and mechanical properties.
1. Ferrous Metals (Black Metals)
Steel and its derivatives are the most commonly used materials in stamping due to their strength and availability.,
- Mild Steels: Low-carbon steels (0.05% to 0.15% carbon) are the standard for most stamping and forming operations. Varieties include open-hearth steel and cold-rolled strip steel, which is preferred for deep drawing due to its consistent thickness and smooth surface.
- Carbon Structural Steels: Common grades include Q195 and Q235.
- High-Quality Carbon Steels: Grades such as 08F, 10, and 20 are frequently used for their excellent plasticity.
- Stainless Steels: Primarily chrome-nickel alloys (e.g., 1Cr18Ni9Ti), which are highly resistant to corrosion and heat but require significantly more power and specialized lubricants during the drawing process.,
- Spring Steels: High-carbon steels used for manufacturing parts that require elasticity, such as flat-spring, motor-spring, clock-spring, and watch-spring steels.
- Electrical Steels: Specifically silicon steel (e.g., D12, D41), used extensively for laminations in motors and transformers.,
2. Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous alloys are selected for their weight, conductivity, or corrosion resistance.,
- Aluminum and its Alloys: Widely used in aerospace and automotive industries., Common grades include pure aluminum (2S), 3S (manganese alloy), and heat-treatable alloys like 17S (Duralumin) and 24S.,, Alclad (aluminum-clad sheets) is often used to combine the strength of an alloy core with the corrosion resistance of pure aluminum.
- Copper and Copper Alloys:
- Brass: A copper-zinc alloy (e.g., H62, H68) used for its workability and decorative finish.,,
- Nickel Silver: An alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc (often called “German Silver”) known for its ductility and white color.,
- Phosphor Bronze: Used for springs and electrical contacts due to its high toughness and elasticity.,
- Magnesium Alloys: The lightest structural metals, suitable for aircraft components and portable electronics.,
- Titanium Alloys: Used for high-strength, high-temperature applications.,
- Nickel and its Alloys: Includes Monel metal (nickel-copper) and Cupronickel, used for parts requiring high corrosion resistance or specific electrical properties.,
3. Non-Metallic Materials
For specialized applications or auxiliary tasks, presses can stamp various non-metals:,
- Rubbers and Plastics: Includes soft rubber, celluloid, phenol fiber (Bakelite), and nylon.,,
- Fibrous Materials: Leather, felt, paper, and strawboard.,,
- Composites: Micarta, Durez, and glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP).,
4. Coated and Plated Sheets
- Tin Plate: Steel or iron sheets coated with tin, used for food packaging and household items.
- Terne Plate: A sheet steel coated with a lead-tin alloy, often used because the lead acts as a lubricant during the stamping process.
Material Selection Factors
When choosing a material for a stamping press, engineers must consider the following technical characteristics:
- Ductility and Elongation: The material’s ability to stretch and deform without fracturing is critical for complex shapes and deep drawing.,
- Shear Strength: Defines the force required for blanking and piercing operations.,
- Grain Direction: Especially in steel, the grain path affects the radius and angle of bends; bending across the grain is generally preferred to prevent cracking.,
- Surface Quality: Many parts require “skin-rolled” or polished finishes to ensure a high-quality appearance after forming.,
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